Step 1: testing for a unit root in GDP
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for GDP
including one lag of (1-L)GDP
sample size 36
unit-root null hypothesis: a = 1
test with constant
model: (1-L)y = b0 + (a-1)*y(-1) + ... + e
estimated value of (a - 1): 0.0153264
test statistic: tau_c(1) = 1.7806
asymptotic p-value 0.9998
1st-order autocorrelation coeff. for e: -0.070
Step 2: testing for a unit root in CPI
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for CPI
including one lag of (1-L)CPI
sample size 36
unit-root null hypothesis: a = 1
test with constant
model: (1-L)y = b0 + (a-1)*y(-1) + ... + e
estimated value of (a - 1): 0.00185428
test statistic: tau_c(1) = 0.281851
asymptotic p-value 0.9774
1st-order autocorrelation coeff. for e: 0.075
Step 3: cointegrating regression
Cointegrating regression -
OLS, using observations 1980-2017 (T = 38)
Dependent variable: GDP
coefficient std. error t-ratio p-value
---------------------------------------------------------
const −288976 17853.5 −16.19 4.22e-018 ***
CPI 17058.6 262.372 65.02 6.32e-039 ***
Mean dependent var 787903.9 S.D. dependent var 440968.1
Sum squared resid 6.08e+10 S.E. of regression 41080.96
R-squared 0.991556 Adjusted R-squared 0.991321
Log-likelihood −456.5778 Akaike criterion 917.1556
Schwarz criterion 920.4307 Hannan-Quinn 918.3209
rho 0.684402 Durbin-Watson 0.586765
Step 4: testing for a unit root in uhat
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for uhat
including one lag of (1-L)uhat
sample size 36
unit-root null hypothesis: a = 1
test without constant
model: (1-L)y = (a-1)*y(-1) + ... + e
estimated value of (a - 1): -0.278899
test statistic: tau_c(2) = -1.90441
asymptotic p-value 0.5777
1st-order autocorrelation coeff. for e: -0.013
There is evidence for a cointegrating relationship if:
(a) The unit-root hypothesis is not rejected for the individual variables, and
(b) the unit-root hypothesis is rejected for the residuals (uhat) from the
cointegrating regression.
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